Python Tricks

• This notebook mostly includes useful Python tricks provided by Dan Bader.

• He has a very useful book: Python Tricks: A Buffet of Awesome Python Features. Highly recommended!!

• Also, I include other tricks that came from different sources as well as many trial-and-errors. Not very organized, but always good to keep all these referneces.

Module Path

## Find module path
import re, os
#print(re.__path__[0]) # if the module is a directory
print(re.__file__)
path = os.path.abspath(re.__file__)

/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/re.py

Sorting Iterables

## convert a int List into str List
a = [1,5,10]
type(a)

b = str(a)
print(b)
print(type(b))

c = [str(i) for i in a]
print(c)
print(type(c))

# convert a int tuple into str tuple
e = [(2,3,4),(23,42,54)]
f = [tuple([str(i) for i in tp]) for tp in e]
print(e)
print(f)

[1, 5, 10]
<class 'str'>
['1', '5', '10']
<class 'list'>
[(2, 3, 4), (23, 42, 54)]
[('2', '3', '4'), ('23', '42', '54')]

## How to sort a Python dict by value
# (== get a representation sorted by value)
xs = {'a': 4, 'b': 3, 'c': 2, 'd': 1}
sorted(xs.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])

[('d', 1), ('c', 2), ('b', 3), ('a', 4)]

## How to sort a Python dict using operator
import operator
sorted(xs.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(0))
#operator.itemgette

[('a', 4), ('b', 3), ('c', 2), ('d', 1)]

for item in xs.items():
    print(item)

('a', 4)
('b', 3)
('c', 2)
('d', 1)

## sort a list
from random import randrange
num = [randrange(1,100) for _ in range(20)]
#sorted(num, reverse=True)
#sorted(num) # default ascending order
print(num)
num.sort()# this mutates the list and does not return anything
print(num) # list is mutable

[6, 13, 91, 87, 55, 5, 7, 9, 43, 96, 5, 67, 73, 20, 31, 57, 32, 59, 41, 79]
[5, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 20, 31, 32, 41, 43, 55, 57, 59, 67, 73, 79, 87, 91, 96]

## sort a tuple?

tuple_ex = (2,50, -2, 30)
#tuple_ex
tuple_ex_sorted = sorted(tuple_ex)
print(tuple_ex)
print(tuple_ex_sorted)
type(tuple_ex_sorted)

(2, 50, -2, 30)
[-2, 2, 30, 50]

list

# into string 
def convertTuple(tup, split=''): 
    str =  split.join(tup) 
    return str
  
# Driver code 
print(convertTuple(tuple([str(i) for i in tuple_ex]), split=','))

2,50,-2,30

tuple_lexicon = [
    ('the', 'det',[23, 800]),
    ('off', 'prep', [70, 100])
]

# sort according to alphabets?
#print(sorted(tuple_lexicon, key=lambda x:x[0]))

print(tuple_lexicon)
print(tuple_lexicon.sort())
print(tuple_lexicon)

[('the', 'det', [23, 800]), ('off', 'prep', [70, 100])]
None
[('off', 'prep', [70, 100]), ('the', 'det', [23, 800])]

Find Modules in Memory

#!pip list
import sys
modulenames = set(sys.modules) & set(globals())
allmodules = [sys.modules[name] for name in modulenames]
print(allmodules)

import sys
import pprint

# pretty print loaded modules
pprint.pprint(sys.modules)

{'IPython': <module 'IPython' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.core': <module 'IPython.core' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.core.alias': <module 'IPython.core.alias' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/alias.py'>,
 'IPython.core.application': <module 'IPython.core.application' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/application.py'>,
 'IPython.core.async_helpers': <module 'IPython.core.async_helpers' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/async_helpers.py'>,
 'IPython.core.autocall': <module 'IPython.core.autocall' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/autocall.py'>,
 'IPython.core.builtin_trap': <module 'IPython.core.builtin_trap' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/builtin_trap.py'>,
 'IPython.core.compilerop': <module 'IPython.core.compilerop' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/compilerop.py'>,
 'IPython.core.completer': <module 'IPython.core.completer' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/completer.py'>,
 'IPython.core.completerlib': <module 'IPython.core.completerlib' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/completerlib.py'>,
 'IPython.core.crashhandler': <module 'IPython.core.crashhandler' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/crashhandler.py'>,
 'IPython.core.debugger': <module 'IPython.core.debugger' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/debugger.py'>,
 'IPython.core.display': <module 'IPython.core.display' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/display.py'>,
 'IPython.core.display_trap': <module 'IPython.core.display_trap' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/display_trap.py'>,
 'IPython.core.displayhook': <module 'IPython.core.displayhook' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/displayhook.py'>,
 'IPython.core.displaypub': <module 'IPython.core.displaypub' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/displaypub.py'>,
 'IPython.core.error': <module 'IPython.core.error' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/error.py'>,
 'IPython.core.events': <module 'IPython.core.events' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/events.py'>,
 'IPython.core.excolors': <module 'IPython.core.excolors' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/excolors.py'>,
 'IPython.core.extensions': <module 'IPython.core.extensions' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/extensions.py'>,
 'IPython.core.formatters': <module 'IPython.core.formatters' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py'>,
 'IPython.core.getipython': <module 'IPython.core.getipython' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/getipython.py'>,
 'IPython.core.history': <module 'IPython.core.history' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/history.py'>,
 'IPython.core.hooks': <module 'IPython.core.hooks' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/hooks.py'>,
 'IPython.core.inputtransformer2': <module 'IPython.core.inputtransformer2' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/inputtransformer2.py'>,
 'IPython.core.interactiveshell': <module 'IPython.core.interactiveshell' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/interactiveshell.py'>,
 'IPython.core.latex_symbols': <module 'IPython.core.latex_symbols' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/latex_symbols.py'>,
 'IPython.core.logger': <module 'IPython.core.logger' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/logger.py'>,
 'IPython.core.macro': <module 'IPython.core.macro' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/macro.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magic': <module 'IPython.core.magic' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magic.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magic_arguments': <module 'IPython.core.magic_arguments' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magic_arguments.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics': <module 'IPython.core.magics' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.auto': <module 'IPython.core.magics.auto' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/auto.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.basic': <module 'IPython.core.magics.basic' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/basic.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.code': <module 'IPython.core.magics.code' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/code.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.config': <module 'IPython.core.magics.config' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/config.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.display': <module 'IPython.core.magics.display' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/display.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.execution': <module 'IPython.core.magics.execution' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.extension': <module 'IPython.core.magics.extension' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/extension.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.history': <module 'IPython.core.magics.history' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/history.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.logging': <module 'IPython.core.magics.logging' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/logging.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.namespace': <module 'IPython.core.magics.namespace' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/namespace.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.osm': <module 'IPython.core.magics.osm' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/osm.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.packaging': <module 'IPython.core.magics.packaging' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/packaging.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.pylab': <module 'IPython.core.magics.pylab' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/pylab.py'>,
 'IPython.core.magics.script': <module 'IPython.core.magics.script' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/script.py'>,
 'IPython.core.oinspect': <module 'IPython.core.oinspect' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/oinspect.py'>,
 'IPython.core.page': <module 'IPython.core.page' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/page.py'>,
 'IPython.core.payload': <module 'IPython.core.payload' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/payload.py'>,
 'IPython.core.payloadpage': <module 'IPython.core.payloadpage' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/payloadpage.py'>,
 'IPython.core.prefilter': <module 'IPython.core.prefilter' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/prefilter.py'>,
 'IPython.core.profiledir': <module 'IPython.core.profiledir' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/profiledir.py'>,
 'IPython.core.pylabtools': <module 'IPython.core.pylabtools' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/pylabtools.py'>,
 'IPython.core.release': <module 'IPython.core.release' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/release.py'>,
 'IPython.core.shellapp': <module 'IPython.core.shellapp' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/shellapp.py'>,
 'IPython.core.splitinput': <module 'IPython.core.splitinput' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/splitinput.py'>,
 'IPython.core.ultratb': <module 'IPython.core.ultratb' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/ultratb.py'>,
 'IPython.core.usage': <module 'IPython.core.usage' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/core/usage.py'>,
 'IPython.display': <module 'IPython.display' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/display.py'>,
 'IPython.extensions': <module 'IPython.extensions' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/extensions/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.extensions.storemagic': <module 'IPython.extensions.storemagic' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/extensions/storemagic.py'>,
 'IPython.lib': <module 'IPython.lib' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/lib/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.lib.backgroundjobs': <module 'IPython.lib.backgroundjobs' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/lib/backgroundjobs.py'>,
 'IPython.lib.clipboard': <module 'IPython.lib.clipboard' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/lib/clipboard.py'>,
 'IPython.lib.display': <module 'IPython.lib.display' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/lib/display.py'>,
 'IPython.lib.pretty': <module 'IPython.lib.pretty' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/lib/pretty.py'>,
 'IPython.lib.security': <module 'IPython.lib.security' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/lib/security.py'>,
 'IPython.paths': <module 'IPython.paths' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/paths.py'>,
 'IPython.terminal': <module 'IPython.terminal' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/terminal/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.terminal.debugger': <module 'IPython.terminal.debugger' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/terminal/debugger.py'>,
 'IPython.terminal.embed': <module 'IPython.terminal.embed' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/terminal/embed.py'>,
 'IPython.terminal.interactiveshell': <module 'IPython.terminal.interactiveshell' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/terminal/interactiveshell.py'>,
 'IPython.terminal.ipapp': <module 'IPython.terminal.ipapp' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/terminal/ipapp.py'>,
 'IPython.terminal.magics': <module 'IPython.terminal.magics' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/terminal/magics.py'>,
 'IPython.terminal.prompts': <module 'IPython.terminal.prompts' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/terminal/prompts.py'>,
 'IPython.terminal.pt_inputhooks': <module 'IPython.terminal.pt_inputhooks' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/terminal/pt_inputhooks/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.terminal.ptutils': <module 'IPython.terminal.ptutils' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/terminal/ptutils.py'>,
 'IPython.terminal.shortcuts': <module 'IPython.terminal.shortcuts' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/terminal/shortcuts.py'>,
 'IPython.testing': <module 'IPython.testing' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/testing/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.testing.skipdoctest': <module 'IPython.testing.skipdoctest' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/testing/skipdoctest.py'>,
 'IPython.utils': <module 'IPython.utils' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.PyColorize': <module 'IPython.utils.PyColorize' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/PyColorize.py'>,
 'IPython.utils._process_common': <module 'IPython.utils._process_common' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/_process_common.py'>,
 'IPython.utils._process_posix': <module 'IPython.utils._process_posix' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/_process_posix.py'>,
 'IPython.utils._sysinfo': <module 'IPython.utils._sysinfo' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/_sysinfo.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.capture': <module 'IPython.utils.capture' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/capture.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.colorable': <module 'IPython.utils.colorable' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/colorable.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.coloransi': <module 'IPython.utils.coloransi' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/coloransi.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.contexts': <module 'IPython.utils.contexts' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/contexts.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.data': <module 'IPython.utils.data' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/data.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.decorators': <module 'IPython.utils.decorators' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/decorators.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.dir2': <module 'IPython.utils.dir2' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/dir2.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.encoding': <module 'IPython.utils.encoding' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/encoding.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.frame': <module 'IPython.utils.frame' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/frame.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.generics': <module 'IPython.utils.generics' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/generics.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.importstring': <module 'IPython.utils.importstring' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/importstring.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.io': <module 'IPython.utils.io' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/io.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.ipstruct': <module 'IPython.utils.ipstruct' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/ipstruct.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.module_paths': <module 'IPython.utils.module_paths' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/module_paths.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.openpy': <module 'IPython.utils.openpy' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/openpy.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.path': <module 'IPython.utils.path' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/path.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.process': <module 'IPython.utils.process' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/process.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.py3compat': <module 'IPython.utils.py3compat' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/py3compat.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.sentinel': <module 'IPython.utils.sentinel' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/sentinel.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.strdispatch': <module 'IPython.utils.strdispatch' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/strdispatch.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.sysinfo': <module 'IPython.utils.sysinfo' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/sysinfo.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.syspathcontext': <module 'IPython.utils.syspathcontext' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/syspathcontext.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.tempdir': <module 'IPython.utils.tempdir' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/tempdir.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.terminal': <module 'IPython.utils.terminal' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/terminal.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.text': <module 'IPython.utils.text' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/text.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.timing': <module 'IPython.utils.timing' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/timing.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.tokenutil': <module 'IPython.utils.tokenutil' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/tokenutil.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.wildcard': <module 'IPython.utils.wildcard' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/IPython/utils/wildcard.py'>,
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 'xml.parsers.expat.model': <module 'pyexpat.model'>,
 'zipfile': <module 'zipfile' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/zipfile.py'>,
 'zipimport': <module 'zipimport' (built-in)>,
 'zlib': <module 'zlib' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/lib-dynload/zlib.cpython-37m-darwin.so'>,
 'zmq': <module 'zmq' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/__init__.py'>,
 'zmq._future': <module 'zmq._future' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/_future.py'>,
 'zmq.asyncio': <module 'zmq.asyncio' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/asyncio/__init__.py'>,

 'zmq.backend': <module 'zmq.backend' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/__init__.py'>,
 'zmq.backend.cython': <module 'zmq.backend.cython' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/__init__.py'>,
 'zmq.backend.cython._device': <module 'zmq.backend.cython._device' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/_device.cpython-37m-darwin.so'>,
 'zmq.backend.cython._poll': <module 'zmq.backend.cython._poll' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/_poll.cpython-37m-darwin.so'>,
 'zmq.backend.cython._proxy_steerable': <module 'zmq.backend.cython._proxy_steerable' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/_proxy_steerable.cpython-37m-darwin.so'>,
 'zmq.backend.cython._version': <module 'zmq.backend.cython._version' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/_version.cpython-37m-darwin.so'>,
 'zmq.backend.cython.constants': <module 'zmq.backend.cython.constants' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/constants.cpython-37m-darwin.so'>,
 'zmq.backend.cython.context': <module 'zmq.backend.cython.context' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/context.cpython-37m-darwin.so'>,
 'zmq.backend.cython.error': <module 'zmq.backend.cython.error' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/error.cpython-37m-darwin.so'>,
 'zmq.backend.cython.message': <module 'zmq.backend.cython.message' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/message.cpython-37m-darwin.so'>,
 'zmq.backend.cython.socket': <module 'zmq.backend.cython.socket' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/socket.cpython-37m-darwin.so'>,
 'zmq.backend.cython.utils': <module 'zmq.backend.cython.utils' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/utils.cpython-37m-darwin.so'>,
 'zmq.backend.select': <module 'zmq.backend.select' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/backend/select.py'>,
 'zmq.error': <module 'zmq.error' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/error.py'>,
 'zmq.eventloop': <module 'zmq.eventloop' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/eventloop/__init__.py'>,
 'zmq.eventloop.ioloop': <module 'zmq.eventloop.ioloop' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/eventloop/ioloop.py'>,
 'zmq.eventloop.zmqstream': <module 'zmq.eventloop.zmqstream' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/eventloop/zmqstream.py'>,
 'zmq.sugar': <module 'zmq.sugar' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/sugar/__init__.py'>,
 'zmq.sugar.attrsettr': <module 'zmq.sugar.attrsettr' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/sugar/attrsettr.py'>,
 'zmq.sugar.constants': <module 'zmq.sugar.constants' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/sugar/constants.py'>,
 'zmq.sugar.context': <module 'zmq.sugar.context' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/sugar/context.py'>,
 'zmq.sugar.frame': <module 'zmq.sugar.frame' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/sugar/frame.py'>,
 'zmq.sugar.poll': <module 'zmq.sugar.poll' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/sugar/poll.py'>,
 'zmq.sugar.socket': <module 'zmq.sugar.socket' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/sugar/socket.py'>,
 'zmq.sugar.stopwatch': <module 'zmq.sugar.stopwatch' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/sugar/stopwatch.py'>,
 'zmq.sugar.tracker': <module 'zmq.sugar.tracker' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/sugar/tracker.py'>,
 'zmq.sugar.version': <module 'zmq.sugar.version' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/sugar/version.py'>,
 'zmq.utils': <module 'zmq.utils' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/utils/__init__.py'>,
 'zmq.utils.constant_names': <module 'zmq.utils.constant_names' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/utils/constant_names.py'>,
 'zmq.utils.jsonapi': <module 'zmq.utils.jsonapi' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/utils/jsonapi.py'>,
 'zmq.utils.strtypes': <module 'zmq.utils.strtypes' from '/Users/Alvin/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/zmq/utils/strtypes.py'>}

Format Dict Output

## How to output a dictionary
my_mapping = {'a': 23, 'b': 42, 'c': 0xc0ffee}
print(my_mapping)
# The "json" module can do a much better job:
import json
import pprint
print(json.dumps(my_mapping, indent=4, sort_keys=True))


# # Note this only works with dicts containing
# # primitive types (check out the "pprint" module):
# json.dumps({all: 'yup'})

{'a': 23, 'b': 42, 'c': 12648430}
{
    "a": 23,
    "b": 42,
    "c": 12648430
}

import pprint
pprint.pprint(my_mapping, depth=1)
mPP = pprint.PrettyPrinter()
mPP.pprint(my_mapping)

{'a': 23, 'b': 42, 'c': 12648430}
{'a': 23, 'b': 42, 'c': 12648430}

my_mapping

{'a': 23, 'b': 42, 'c': 12648430}

Unpacking Tuples

## Unpacking function arguments

def myfunc(x, y, z):
    print(x, y, z)

tuple_vec = (1, 0, 1)
dict_vec = {'x': 1, 'y': 0, 'z': 1}
dict_vec2 = {'z':3, 'x': 1, 'y': 2}
myfunc(*tuple_vec) # pass all necessary function arguments all at once, using a tuple
myfunc(**dict_vec) # pass all necessary function arguments all at once, using a dict
myfunc(**dict_vec2) # dict would help match which values go with which function argument!

1 0 1
1 0 1
1 2 3

filter()

• filter(function, iterable) is useful when you need to filter elements in a sequence by using self-defined methods (which returns either True or False.

• If function is None, then the fiter() returns only True elements from the iterable.

• Source

# list of letters
letters = ['a', 'b', 'd', 'e', 'i', 'j', 'o']

# function that filters vowels
def filterVowels(letter):
    vowels = ['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']

    if(letter in vowels):
        return True
    else:
        return False

filteredVowels = filter(filterVowels, letters)

print('The filtered vowels are:')
for vowel in filteredVowels:
    print(vowel)

The filtered vowels are:
a
e
i
o

# random list
randomList = [1, 'a', 0, False, True, '0']

filteredList = filter(None, randomList)

print('The filtered elements are:')
for element in filteredList:
    print(element)

The filtered elements are:
1
a
True
0

Asterisk *

That FUNCTION(*iterable) is passing all of the items in the iterable into the function call as separate arguments, without us even needing to know how many arguments are in the list.

fruits = ['lemon', 'pear', 'watermelon', 'tomato']
print(fruits)
print(fruits[0], fruits[1], fruits[2], fruits[3])
print(*fruits)

['lemon', 'pear', 'watermelon', 'tomato']
lemon pear watermelon tomato
lemon pear watermelon tomato

def transpose_list(list_of_lists):
    return [
        list(row)
        for row in zip(*list_of_lists)
    ]

transpose_list([[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9]])
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]

[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]

Find Index of Specific Values in List

Four methods to identify indices of List element which are specific values.

# Python3 code to demonstrate  
# finding indices of values 
# using naive method  
  
# initializing list  
test_list = [1, 3, 4, 3, 6, 7] 
  
# using naive method 
# to find indices for 3 
res_list = [] 
for i in range(0, len(test_list)) : 
    if test_list[i] == 3 : 
        res_list.append(i) 
        
res_list

[1, 3]

# Python3 code to demonstrate  
# finding indices of values 
# using list comprehension  
  
# initializing list  
test_list = [1, 3, 4, 3, 6, 7] 
  
# printing initial list  
print ("Original list : " + str(test_list)) 
  
# using list comprehension 
# to find indices for 3 
res_list = [i for i in range(len(test_list)) if test_list[i] == 3] 
          
# printing resultant list  
print ("New indices list : " + str(res_list)) 

Original list : [1, 3, 4, 3, 6, 7]
New indices list : [1, 3]

# Python3 code to demonstrate 
# finding indices of values 
# using enumerate() 

# initializing list 
test_list = [1, 3, 4, 3, 6, 7] 

# printing initial list 
print ("Original list : " + str(test_list)) 

# using enumerate() 
# to find indices for 3 
res_list = [i for i, value in enumerate(test_list) if value == 3] 
		
# printing resultant list 
print ("New indices list : " + str(res_list)) 

Original list : [1, 3, 4, 3, 6, 7]
New indices list : [1, 3]

# Python3 code to demonstrate 
# finding indices of values 
# using filter() 

# initializing list 
test_list = [1, 3, 4, 3, 6, 7] 

# printing initial list 
print ("Original list : " + str(test_list)) 

# using filter() 
# to find indices for 3 
res_list = list(filter(lambda x: test_list[x] == 3, range(len(test_list)))) 
		
# printing resultant list 
print ("New indices list : " + str(res_list)) 

Original list : [1, 3, 4, 3, 6, 7]
New indices list : [1, 3]